Christmas 1A. Gospel

The escape to Egypt. 2:13-23

Introduction
Our passage for study, the escape of Joseph and his family to Egypt, 2:13-23, is the last episode in the prologue of Matthew's gospel - the Origin and Birth of Jesus Christ, 1:1-2:23. In this episode, Matthew gives us a standard three-point sermon structure. Remember, the stories and teachings of Jesus were initially preserved as oral tradition and shaped by their repetitive use in preaching and teaching situations. The narrative demonstrates Jesus' messianic qualifications by building a story around three Old Testament quotations which were fulfilled in Jesus' childhood years. The narrative supports this messianic fulfillment theme by telling the story in the terms of Moses typology (Moses in the bulrushes etc.). Matthew wants his readers to understand that Jesus the messiah (the anointed king who is sent by God to save his people) is not only the son of David, he is also the promised "prophet like unto Moses". More than this, Matthew wants us to see Jesus as representative Israel (the faithful people of God) whose "Exodus" is close at hand. In Jesus we find the fulfillment of all prophecy.

The passage
v13-14. In typical Old Testament style, a messenger ("angel") from the Lord sets out to guide Jesus (the remnant people of Israel, the new Moses..... the messiah) to safety. Egypt is the obvious choice, for it has already served as a place of refuge for the people of Israel.
v15. Out of Egypt will come Israel's redemption, as in the days of the Exodus under Moses. The nation of Israel had its origin in Egypt and was galvanized by the events of the Exodus. By quoting Hosea 11:1, Matthew affirms Jesus as the true remnant of Israel whose redemption is close at hand. The messianic age will begin when Israel comes out of Egypt. (Note the similar Exodus symbolism in 4:1-11).
v16. The second point of the narrative (sermon) illustrates Herod's response to the deception of the Magi (wise men). He orders the execution of all boys under two years old in Bethlehem. Given a population of 1,000, this would amount to about 20 children. Herod's extermination of opponents is well documented, although this particular incident is not. Given that he even executed members of his own family, what's a few children here or there?
v17-18. Matthew now quotes Jeremiah 31:15 to demonstrate the fulfillment of prophecy in Herod's evil act - fulfillment in a generalized sense. Jeremiah speaks of Israel overwhelmed by a foreign power, devastated and about to be taken into exile. The destruction of the children in Bethlehem images this situation, but similarly it images the return from exile. Grief is but a moment before joy; Rachel's weeping will be short lived. Bethlehem's grief will break into joy when her salvation is realized in Christ.
v19-21. Matthew goes on to make his third point. Herod died in 4BC, which means that Jesus was probably born around 6BC. (Our dating system is faulty due to a mistake made in the middle ages.) Again, a word from the Lord comes to Joseph; he is to return to Israel. Matthew keeps up the Moses typology by paralleling the language of the angel with Exodus 4:19. Like Moses, Jesus is to return to save his people.
v22. Archelaus ruled the Judean section of his father's kingdom and was no better than his father. Herod Antipas ruled the Galilean section, and was a little less violent.
v23. The family return to their home town, Nazareth, and so Matthew draws out the significance of Jesus' geographical origin. It was expected that the Messiah would come out of the Davidic town of Bethlehem, but Jesus grew up in Nazareth and so was called a "Nazarene". Matthew doesn't actually quote any particular prophet, but rather gives the general prophetic picture of a rejected and humiliated messiah. "Can anything good come from Nazareth", Jn.1:46. The town was partly Gentile, and of little value to "righteous" Jews.

The day dawns
In the coming of Jesus the messiah, there dawns the new age of the kingdom. Not only is Jesus the fulfillment of all the prophetic hopes of Israel in that he is the coming prophet, priest and king, he is also, himself, the faithful remnant of Israel. When we associate with Jesus we link ourselves with the faithful remnant of God. Of this remnant people in Jesus, we may say three things:
1. In Jesus we are a redeemed people - "out of Egypt". The fates may conspire, darkness overwhelm, but God will save his people against all odds.
2. In Jesus we are a persecuted people - "Rachel weeping for her children." Jesus promised trouble for those who follow him, yet trouble leads to glory.
3. In Jesus we are no people - "Nazarenes". Jesus' lowly origin defines the church as "no people". We can claim no standing before the world, other than our standing before God. cf. Ps.22, Is.53. With such standing, who needs the acclimation of the world?

Discussion
1. What does the word "redeem" mean? How has Jesus achieved our redemption? What is so significant about Egypt?
2. If suffering is the mark of the true church, how has your church suffered? What is the end of suffering?
3. How does a desire for the standing of our church in the wider community undermine the image of the true Israel?

Textual notes Abbreviations, Bibliography

v13
anacwrhsantwn (anacwrew) part. gen. "when [they] had gone" - they departed. The genitive participle with the genitive of the personal pronoun, "they", forming a genitive absolute, an independent statement to the main clause. Usually translated as a temporal clause, as NIV, Moffatt and others, "after they had gone", ie. "they, the wise men, who had gone back to their own country by another way, v12.
fainetai (fainw) pres. "appeared" - Historical present used for narrative style. "Showed/revealed himself."
paralabe (paralambanw) aor. imp. "take" - Aorist imperative gives a sense of urgency to the command. "Bundle up the child and get out of here quickly."
isqi (eimi) imp. "stay" - A particular meaning of the verb to-be, "stay / reside", BAGD.
eJwV an + subj. "until I [tell you]" - until [I say]. This construction which forms an indefinite temporal clause, gives the sense of the continuation of a situation "until" the occurrence of a particular intervening event, "until I tell you that it is safe to come back to Israel."
mellei (mellw) "is going [to search]" - is about to. Indication intention.

v14
egerqeiV (egeirw) aor. pas. part. "so he got up" - having arisen. The participle probably forms a consecutive clause (result), "so / with the result that", so NIV. "Joseph rose from sleep", NEB, or was he awake, got out of bed and got going?
anecwrhsen (anecwrew) aor. "left for" - departed. The word carries the sense of withdrawing from danger.

v15
iJna + subj. "and so [was fulfilled]" - that. Normally forming a final (purpose) clause, "in order that", but consecutive (result) is more likely; "they went to Egypt and stayed there and so the word's of the prophet were fulfilled." "this again is a fulfillment of the Lord's word", Phillips
ekalesa (kalew) aor. "I called" - summoned. Note the Hosea 11:1 text has "called my child", meaning Israel. Matthew happily changes it to "son, meaning Jesus. Another hint that the gospel writers understand that Jesus is the representative Israel of God. This is not a reference to Jesus' filial relationship to God the Father, although this sense is argued by some commentators.

v16
tote adv. "-" - then. "At that time."
idwn (oJraw) aor. part. "when [Herod] realized" - seeing. Participle probably forms a temporal clause as in NIV.
enepaicqhn (empaizw) aor. pas. "he had been outwitted" - he was deceived, tricked. With the added sense of mocked, ridiculed.
equmwqh (qumow) aor. pas. "he was furious" - was enraged, angry. The aorist here probably takes the sense of Herod's becoming angry (ingressive), "he flew into a rage."
aneilen (anairew) aor. "to kill" - take up, take away ...... so: destroy, annihilate, kill. "He ordered that all the baby boys should be killed."

v18
fwnh (h) "a voice" - voice, sound. "The sound of someone crying."
ouk hqelen (qelw) imperf. "refusing" - she willed not [to be comforted]. The imperfect tense expressing durative, ongoing action, "she could not be comforted", TH, although Moffatt's "inconsolable" is better as it carries the sense that Rachel willed not to be comforted.
oJti ouk eisin "because they are no more" - because they are not. "Because they are dead", TEV.

v19
teleuthsantoV (teleutaw) aor. part. gen. "after [Herod] died" - Genitive absolute construction, genitive participle + the genitive noun, "Herod", usually translated as a temporal clause, "after / when".

v20
egerqeiV (egeirw) aor. part. pas. "Get up" - rising up. The participle here is usually treated as an imperative. Joseph is in bed again!
poreuou (poreuomai) pres. imp. "go" - The use of the present tense, instead of the more grammatically aorist, is out of "politeness", MHT III. "Journey / travel"
gar "for" - Either expressing cause/reason, "because", or simply explanatory.
oiJ zhtounteV (zhtew) part. "those who were trying to take" - the ones seeking. The articular participle functioning here as a substantive. The plural here includes the other associates of Herod who were out to kill Jesus.

v21
Joseph is obedient to the divine message. For the fourth time he gets up out of bed, this time for the journey home.

v22
akousaV (akouw) aor. part. "when he heard" - having heard. The participle may be rendered with a temporal clause, as NIV, NRSV..., a simple participle "hearing", NEB, or a causal clause, "since he heard that..."
anti + gen. "in place of" - instead of. A preposition conveying a sense of substitution. "Archelaus had succeeded his father", TEV.
efobhqh (foeomai) aor. "he was afraid" - Possibly "he became fearful" (ie. ingressive).

v23
katw/khsen (katoikew) aor. "lived" - dwelled, settled. Referring to a permanent dwelling, "made his home", TEV.
polin (iV ewV) "town" - city. There is no word for town, so it is a choice between "village" or "city". Nazareth is no village, but neither is it a city.
oJpwV + subj. "so [was fulfilled]" - so that [might be fulfilled]. Possibly a purpose clause "in order that", "in order to", "this was to fulfill", NEB, but better a consecutive (result/consequence) clause, "thus fulfilling the old prophecy", Phillips.
oJti - that. The NIV, NRSV, NEB, TEV,.... takes this conjunction as introducing a direct quote, but possibly an indirect quote, what the prophets generally said, thus epexegetic, explanatory, but also possibly introducing a consecutive (result), "with the result that." "That he should be called a Nazarene", Phillips.
klhqhsetai (kalew) fut. pas. "he will be called" - Interestingly, there is no prophecy concerning the Messiah being called a Nazarene, but quite a bit on him being derided by his own people. The term "Nazarene" is obviously being used, in a general sense, of a person who is provincial, uncouth and therefore not worthy of consideration.

Lectionary Bible Studies and Sermons

Matthew

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