A verbal adjective possessing some of the characteristics of a verb as well as an adjective

A participle functioning as a substantive, or substantival phrase or cluase

A participle, not accompanied by a noun, that functions as a substantive, especially as a noun.

The participle may function as a subject nominative, an accusative direct object, or a dative indirect object of a finite verb

Most times with an article, but sometimes without.

BELIEVERS (ONES BELIEVING) were added to the Lord

prosetiqento pisteuontaV tw/ kuriw/

A substantival participle functioning as a nominative pendens (Note iii)

A nominative article + a genitive participle, without a verb

the ONE WHO CONQUERS

oJ nikwn

A participle forming an object clause, sometimes with it's own subject (accusative), after verbs of saying, thinking, or perceiving

This construction is usually formed by an accusative infinitive construction, or a clause introduced by oJti, or formed by iJna + subj.

A participle expressing a segment of indirect discourse after a verb of saying or thinking

Usually formed by an accusative infinitive construction, or oJti + ind. verb.

Accusative anarthrous participle with acc. noun

Jacob heard THAT THERE WAS grain in Egypt

akousaV de Iakwb onta stia eiV Aigupton

A participle expressing an observation after verbs of feeling, seeing or knowing

Accusative anarthrous participle with acc. (genitive, rare) noun

Sometimes expressed by an accusative infinitive construction

For I see THAT YOU ARE full of bitterness and captive to sin

eiV gar colhn pikriaV kai sundesmon adikiaV oJrw se onta

A participle that functions like an adjective (a verbal adjective)

A participle that describes, modifies, or limits a substantive which may be the subject or object of a sentence.

Can be translated as a relative clause "who/which", or as a simple participle.

article, participle, substantive - common

article, substantive, article participle - emphasizes participle

substantive, article, participle.

substantive, participle. anarthrous.

The peace of God WHICH SURPASSES

hJ eirhnh tou qeou hJ uJperecousa

The LIVING water

to uJdwr to zwn

A participle that functions like an adjective, asserting something about a substantive.

participle, substantive (anarthrous)... Participle emphatic

substantive, participle (anarthrous) ... Substantive emphatic

Always anarthrous, usually requires the addition of the verb "to be".

the word of God IS LIVING

zwn oJ logoV tou qeou

A participle where the verbal aspect is prominent

A participle that modifies a verb in the sentence usually forming an adverbial clause

See Infinitives for an outline of all Adverbial clauses

Identifying the time when the action of the main verb is accomplished

Translate: "when", "after", "while"

Identifying the manner in which the action of the main verb is accomplished.

Answers the question, how? Adds extra colour. Sometimes with wJV.

she came TREMBLING

tremousa hJlqen

Identifying the means or agent by which an action of the main verb is accomplished = "by means of"

Identifying the ground by which the action of the main verb is accomplished.

Why? (part. precedes verb) = since, because

Identifying a condition on which the fulfilment of the main verb depends

Forming the protasis of a conditional clause, 3rd class (some uncertainty) = "if"

Identifying a concession which implies that the action of the main verb is trued in spite of the action of the participle.

The participle precedes the verb = "although" [in spite of main verb].

Often with a concessive particle: kaiper, kaitoige

ALTHOUGH THEY KNEW God, they did not honor him as God

gnonteV ton qeon ouc wJV qeon edoxasan

Expressing purpose = English infinitive.

Identifying the result (outcome) of the action of the main verb

a] Logical result: = "with the result of"

b] Temporal result: = "with the result that"

Identifying an action that accompanies the action of the main verb

Best translated as a finite verb, joined to the main verb by "and"

Sometimes Redundant (pleonastic), eg "Jesus, ANSWERING (ANSWERED AND) said", so "answering" left untranslated.

Now GO AND learn

poreuqenteV de maqete

A round-about way of expressing a simple verbal idea

Anarthrous (without the article) participle + the verb "to be"

The Periphrastic Present

present eimi + present participle

The Periphrastic Imperfect

imperfect eimi + present participle

The Periphrastic Future

future eimi + present participle

The Periphrastic Perfect

present eimi + perfect participle

The Periphrastic Pluperfect

imperfect eimi + perfect participle

A participle that completes the thought of the main verb. Rare

An infinitive would usually perform this task.

Normally translated as a simple participle or infinitive

They continued TO QUESTION him

They continued QUESTIONING him

epemonon erwtwnteV auton

Functions as if a finite verb in the imperative mood. Rare

It must be independent of the main verb to be an imperatival participle. Rare.

HATE the evil

apostugounteV ton ponhron

An independent proper / absolute participle . Very rare

HE HAD a name

ecwn onoma

A verb in the future tense with a participle ending. Very rare

Expressing either purpose, translated as an infinitive, or referring to a future event.

The verb to-be in Luke 22:49

esomenon (eimi, esomai)

An independent genitive noun or pronoun + anarthrous gen. part. at the beginning of a sentence

Usually translated as a temporal clause but sometimes other adverbial options will suit

Dative and accusative forms. Rare

[While] THEY WERE SPEAKING these things

touta de autwn lalountwn
 
Notes  
i] Verbal Adjectives

-toV -teoV endings.

Not to be confused with participles.

They are adjectives formed from a verbal stem

agaphtoV - beloved

eklektoV - elect

adunatoV - impossible.

The tense of a participle expresses aspect and not time, since time is set by the related verb and its context

Only in a limited sense is it possible to determine time in relation to the main verb:

Antecedent action relative to the main verb = aorist participle

Simultaneous action relative to the main verb = present participle

Subsequent action relative to the main verb = future participle

Sometimes an aorist participle when the participle is placed after the main verb.

A nominative pendens "consists in the enunciation of the logical (not grammatical) subject at the beginning of the sentence, followed by a sentence in which that subject is taken up by a pronoun in the case required by the syntax", Zerwick.

*A less than common usage*

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